Privacy Is The Primary Guideline For The Privacy - 847 Words

Privacy in America is developing into a vague set of rules. Each person has a right to privacy, but the question remains: â€Å"How much information should be granted to the public†? The answer to this question varies from person to person. The industries, social networking, protection agency, and everyday situations create their own ideology of what must remain private. The Evolution of Privacy To begin, the constitution is the primary guideline for the privacy rights in America. This may begin to address the problem but it does not set its limitations. Opinions differ in each individual. During the prohibition period Olmstead was prosecuted for trying to smuggle and sell alcohol. Police (without a warrant) wire-tapped his phone to find†¦show more content†¦Examples of Privacy Interference Overwhelmingly, there is so many cases of privacy infringement that it is rather concerning. HeLa is one of the most provincial and revolutionary cell strain in the medical field. HeLa cells originated from Henrietta Lacks. Henrietta Lacks was a Black woman in times of segregation. Her only option for a hospital was Johns Hopkins. She needed to have them remove a tumor in her cervix. The doctor in charge of pathology at the time was Dr. George Otto Gey. He asked for tissue samples whenever available. The problem with cells is that they die off rather qui ck unless they are in the body still. Henrietta Lack’s cells viability was stronger than any other. The cells would keep reproducing outside the body. Even as Henrietta Lacks has moved on, her cells kept reproducing. The only mistake that came from this discovery was that the doctors never even tried to consult with Henrietta on the whereabouts of her tissues. They had taken it without her knowledge and run tests without giving her information that they learned from them. It was not until the doctors wanted to run tests on the children that the family even knew. (Skloot 13) This might be because the family was known to be a vulnerable type. They did not know much what was going on, so they had just assumed the doctor was doing what was best for the patient. Instead the doctors had more concern for the industry and

Failure Is Not A Kind Of Disasters - 878 Words

FAILURE IS THE â€Å"POSTPONED† SUCCESS â€Å"I failed in some subjects in exam, but my friend passed in all. Now he is an engineer in Microsoft, and I am the owner of Microsoft†, said Bill Gates. In life, everyone has miserably failed at least once. Although today s society is obsessed with achievement, many people realize that they learn more from failure than from success. In other words, if people can deal with failure, they are ready for their own success. In the article â€Å"The Right to Fail† by William Zinsser, he states that failure is not a kind of disasters. He believes that failure should be accepted as a part of life, and failure is also the different way for young people to get successful. I absolutely agree with his opinions about failure. Failure is in fact also beneficial for young people to be successful. Failure motivates people to prove themselves, makes people work harder, and help people get more experience. The first reason why failure is acceptable in life is that it motivates people to prove themselves. Some people properly think that failure is as an opportunity rather than a barrier. Steve Jobs is one of typical examples. He was a failure as a college dropout. He left Reed College after only 6 months because he could not afford tuition. Although Steve Jobs did not finish his study, he still succeeded because of his the talent and his innovative spirit. Then, he became a person who change the technology world – CEO of Apple Inc. Another example Mark Zuckerberg,Show MoreRelatedThe Events That Surround Failure Of The St. Francis Dam726 Words   |  3 PagesSt. Francis Dam Failure ENGG-123 Assignment#2 Zifeng Li 200353329 Feb 23rd, 2016 Abstract: This report can assist readers to understand the events that surround failure of the St. Francis Dam in March 1928. It demonstrates the causes and consequences of the disaster. The purpose of this report is to analyze the collapse of St. Francis Dam and indicate how this disaster relevant to the study and practice of engineering. However, there are some recommendation of future precaution and improvementRead MoreContinuity Of Government And Continuity Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness continuity encompasses a loosely defined set of planning, preparatory and related activities which are intended to ensure that an organization’s critical business functions will either continue to operate despite serious incidents or disasters that might otherwise have interrupted them, or will be recovered to an operational state within a reasonably short period. Resilience critical business functions and the supporting infrastructure are designed and engineered in such a way that Read MoreNatural and Man-Made Disasters, and How to Manage Them Properly730 Words   |  3 PagesDisasters and emergencies can happen anywhere, at any time (Pellegrin, 2012). A disaster is a term describing a whole range of distress situations, both individual and communal. These include fires and drowning, earthquake and tornado, epidemics and starvation, heat and cold, rats and locusts (Kumar, 2000). While the Malaysian National Security Council (MNSC) Directive 20 (2003) defines disaster as â€Å"an emergency situation of some complexity that will cause the loss of lives, damage property and theRead MoreIt 240 Week 8 Disaster Plan Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesIT/240 XYZ Computers When it comes to the company XYZ Computers the disaster recovery plan needs to incorporate a lot of different questions that have to be answered before you can implement whatever they want achieved. The main questions that are brought up when assessing any question is,†How do we fix this? What are the costs associated with the plan presented?† Another question that should be asked but often isn’t, is â€Å"Can we anticipate this problem to help block it before it happens?† FromRead MoreDisaster Management: Public Involvement in Disaster Risk Reduction812 Words   |  4 PagesDisaster management has become a hot issue in urban development and human security since threats from hazards and vulnerability are increasing, and have caused the damage from natural disasters to become more severe, and it has become crucial to lower the socio-economic loss. â€Å"Disaster,† is defined as a serious disruption to the functioning of a community or a society invo lving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and having an impact which exceeds the ability of the affectedRead MoreThe Mitigation Measures Necessary For Emergency Relief Measures1698 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Imagine that your city had flooded with billons of dollars of damage done and close to a thousand lives lost. Now imagine that much of the outcomes of this disaster could have been averted if proper mitigation measures had been utilized. The mitigation measures necessary to prevent this disaster would have been a fraction of the cost spent on emergency relief measures. For many people in New Orleans this scenario was a reality when Hurricane Katrina happened. Hurricane Katrina causedRead MoreMan Made Disasters1673 Words   |  7 PagesMan-made disasters Man-made disasters are disasters resulting from man-made hazards (threats having an element of human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a man-made system), as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards. Man-made hazards or disasters are sometimes referred to as anthropogenic. Contents * 1 Sociological hazards * 1.1 Crime * 1.1.1 Arson * 1.2 Civil disorder * Read MoreThe First Commercial Nuclear Power Plants960 Words   |  4 Pagesaccidents in Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and the most recent Fukushima Diichi. Nuclear energy may appear to be the ideal source of energy for the future. However, there are uncontrolled situations that cause the reactor into meltdown and lead to disaster. On March 11, 2011 Japan experienced an earthquake, which has become the most terrible and destructive in the history of this country. In term of geography, Japan is situated in the earthquake-prone area, on the junction of four plates: the EurasianRead MoreEssay about Is 305 Week 4 Lab773 Words   |  4 Pagesidentifies the critical and non-critical functions of the business. The BIA provides timeframes for critical functions to resume, for the business to become functional. The BIA estimates the cost related to the failure such as loss of cash flow, salaries for critical employees to recovery from a failure, and the cost of new equipment. The BIA provides framework to build the BCP upon. 3. How do risk management and risk assessment relate to a business impact analysis for an IT infrastructureRead MoreBp s Ethical Culture And Corporate Social Responsibility Procedures1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe common perception of BP by the general public over the past decade has been quite positive, with people aligning environmental values’ with their new brand positioning. All of this changed after BP was blamed for one of the worst maritime oil disasters in history, which also killed 11 workers. This incident has shed light on past issues BP has faced which were not as widespread as the most current one. BP’s Ethical culture and their Corporate Social Responsibility procedures have been primarily

Marketing Strategies Nonprofit Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategies for Nonprofit Organizations. Answer: Introduction Every organization develops several new products and services so that it can achieve higher growth and sustainability whether its a profit organization or a NPO. Oxfam is a charitable organization which made several efforts to eradicate poverty and to support the livelihood of individuals. The purpose of this report is to develop a marketing plan for a new product for the Oxfam shop. The new product is the paper bags which will be made by those individuals living below poverty line so that they can earn their livelihood. The report will provide information of the company through its situational analysis by using SWOT technique. Further the report will highlight the target market, competitors, marketing mix, financial planning and the issues related with the launching of the product. Overview of the Organization Oxfam is a globally recognized association which has its presence in around 94 nations through outs 17 affiliates. The association was established in the year 1942 by Cecil Jackson-Cole. The purpose of existence of this organization is to provide a solution to the rapidly increasing problem i.e. poverty. The association help the individuals living below poverty line to have a safer and secure future and livelihood and have an equal access to their human rights. There are several events and charitable programs organized by the association to support the individuals and provide them with monetary support (OXFAM International, 2016). Swot Analysis of Oxfam Supporters and network: The organization possess international network of great supporters and affiliates which are highly effective and provides huge brand credibility to the organization. Goals and Values: The goals and values of the organization are clearly defined which helps in enhancing the motivation of the buyers to have trust over the brand. The organization makes its objectives and functioning clear through its defined goals and values (Oxfam International, 2015). Organizational History: The history of the organization is considered as one of its assets as the organization has undertaken several programs and realized huge success in its earlier period. Diversified Portfolio: The organization has a diversified portfolio which helps in catering the needs and requirements of extensive customer segments (Neuman, 2014). Weaknesses Safety Concern: It is one of the biggest weaknesses of the organization that it does not possess appropriate volunteer and employee safety concerns. No adequate measures have been taken b y the organization to provide an improved and safer environment to the volunteers and employees. Accountability and Consistency: Oxfam as an organization as well as the affiliates both highly lacks in maintaining accountability and consistency in the overall operations. Increased Competition: There are many other retail organizations as well as NPOs in the which gives a tough competition to Oxfam. This competition is considerably one major weakness of the organization. Crisis Planning: the organization has no adequate crisis plans for any non-happening event. There are no appropriate strategies or crisis planning by which the organization can manage the state of crisis (Lambell, et al., 2008). Presence as Retail Store: The organization is mostly recognized for its working as a not for profit organization rather than its retailing business. The retail presence of the organization is much less in comparison with other retail organizations. Opportunities Safety commitment: the organization has an opportunity to grow and have higher trust of the individuals by improving and committing towards the safety of the volunteers and the employees. The organization can implement appropriate strategies so that the employees as well as the volunteers can have a safer environment at the work place and at several events (Raworth, 2012). Guidelines establishment: the organization can have much effective operations by implementing several guidelines regarding the accountability of the organization and affiliates. Increased advertisements: the organization must enhance its advertising as Oxfam is only recognized for its charitable work thus it is necessary that to enhance its presence there must be taken use of more advertising strategies and promotional activities (Lawson, et al., 2008). Brand recognition in retail sectors: in the retail sector Oxfam is not well recognized because of the fact that the organization is recognized as a not for profit organization. Thus to have higher sales and revenues and to accomplish the goals in a much faster way it is necessary for Oxfam to improve its brand image in the retail sector. Community Support: The community support is one of the most vital things which are required to have continuous growth and future sustainability. But in case of Oxfam the organization lacks this support which is substantially a threat for the organization. Commitment of volunteers and employees: Both the volunteers as well as the employees do not have a reliable commitment towards the organization. This is one of the major threats as without their commitment the organization cannot grow and succeed in longer time frame. There are high chances that the employees and the volunteers can switch to another organization if they found it much better and safer place to work (Lewis, 2010). Higher market competition: the competitors mainly in the retail sector are able to provide the customers with more quality products and services. Thus it becomes difficult for Oxfam to retain its customers. And this increased competition brings number of threats for the growth of the organization. Competitor Analysis of Oxfam If the competitor analysis is performed of Oxfam it can be clear that Amazon and eBay are the two biggest competitors of Oxfam in the retail sector. And in the charitable i.e. NPO sector the competitors of Oxfam are Human Rights Campaign, Feeding America, American Red Cross etc. These are the big charitable organization that work for social welfare and gives a striving competition to Oxfam (Aldashev and Verdier, 2009). Setting up of Objectives and Goals The purpose and objective of Oxfam is to reduce and eradicate poverty in the entire world. The organization strives hard to develop solutions so that there cannot remain any injustice of poverty in the global world. The organization helps individuals to have a sustainable future which is completely secure and free of poverty. The primary and chief goal of Oxfam is to develop an optimistic change and modification in the individuals lives that are experiencing poverty. The organization has participated in several events and programs to uplift the people and provide them with basic amenities and a secure livelihood. The goal and the objective of this marketing plan is to eradicate and reduce poverty by providing g some business to the people who live below poverty line and provide them a source of earning. And for this the organization is planning to launch a new product in the Oxfam shop. The new product is the paper bags with quotes and paintings. These paper bags will be developed through machines but with the efforts of those individuals who cannot earn their livelihood. Thus it is the objective of the marketing plan (Chew and Osborne, 2009). Target Market The paper bag product is one of those products which have a very straight forward market. There is hardly any supermarket, grocery, departmental or pharmaceutical store which will not be taking use of the paper bags for their products for the purpose of carrying goods and groceries by the customers. Oxfam has its renowned presence cross the globe and there will be several potential clients for the companies such as the various retail organizations, corporations and supermarket chains. The organizations which are related to fast moving consumer goods are one of the make target market for this new product of Oxfam (Oxfam Trailwalker, 2016). The individuals also prefer using the paper bags more in comparison with the plastic bags. Hence all these are the target market of Oxfam for its new product i.e. paper bags. Oxfam is known for its charitable services more than the retailing business, hence it is required that the new product can help in providing justice to the people and help them in improving their livelihood. The paper bags are the products which have an increasing demand in the societies as in various countries the Governments have banned the use of plastic bags. In that situation companies are moving towards the use of cloth-made or paper bags. These are easy to made and require no technological so that the individuals living under poverty line can make it easily with basic trainings (McLeish, 2010). The product will be for several uses such as food storage bags, bags for grocery, merchandise bags, packaging and customized bags. The promotion and publicity is the key stone to make the product well recognized in the market and help the individuals in earning a source of livelihood. To make the product i.e. paper bags popular there are several promotional strategies which will be used by the organization (Davies, 2012). Promotional techniques such as suing word of mouth promotion from the several faithful customers, advertisements on community based TV stations, radio stations and newspapers. The social media platforms are another source of promotion such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube etc. The organization can also take use of billboards and banners (Winston and Kinzey, 2013). There can also be distribution of free samples to several customer groups for fascinating customers. The various stores as well as corporate organizations can also be approached for taking use of these paper bags. Aside from the promotions price is another vital element which depicts the future sakes of the product. As Oxfam is a charitable organization thus the product will be made available at the most cheapest price in comparison with other organizations that perform similar business. The starting price of the paper bag will be $5.00 and with the change in size the prices will vary. Thus it is one of the most feasible price at which the individuals will be able to get the paper bags and give support in the achievement of the aim of uplifting the societies and individuals living in poverty. The price is the main factor which can attract number of customers and companies to buy these paper bags. The place is another important factor over which the sales of the paper bags depend a lot. The organization will promote and sell its products on both the platforms i.e. online and physical stores. The physical stores can be at various supermarkets, departmental stores, electronic stores, and pharmaceutical and groceries stores. These are the potential and target places for the products to get higher sales and brand recognition in the market (Pope, Isely and Asamoa?Tutu, 2009). Financial Planning of the Marketing plan The total budget for developing the marketing plan is $100,000 which is substantially a good amount for the set objective. The plan is creative, fun as well as practical as the individuals are required to develop a basic learning to make a paper bag which is a practical idea for the development of product. The fun element is the artisan or the painting work which children can enjoy by making drawings on the paper bags. Its a chance to those individuals to show their creativity by making those drawings. Following is the distribution of the budget amount in various operational activities: Start up expenses such as stationery etc.: $5,000 Counter are equipment cost: $10,000 Operational cost for initial first quarter (payment of bills, salaries to workers etc.): $30,000 Start up inventory cost: $30,000 Marketing promotion expenditure: $20,000 Miscellaneous expenses: $5,000 Potential problems with making or launching the product There are few potential problems with the making and the launching of the product in the market such as: To gather individuals living below poverty line and make them ready to learn the manufacturing of the paper bags, it is one of the biggest difficulties which can arise in the process of planning this new product (Barber, 2008). The increased competition, there are several other paper bag manufacturers in the world which makes difficult for Oxfam to deliver the significance of its product to the existing customer group. There are some problems in the launching of the product too, basically in the promotional activity. As on the various social media platforms the organization is highly recognized as a charitable organization rather than a retail business. Thus advertising on these social media platforms can pose a negative impact over the charitable image of the organization and thus it makes the promotional activity a much tough job (Lambell, et al., 2008). References Aldashev, G. and Verdier, T., 2009. When NGOs go global: Competition on international markets for development donations.Journal of International Economics,79(2), pp.198-210. Barber, C., 2008. Notes on poverty and inequality.Oxfam International Series: From. Chew, C. and Osborne, S.P., 2009. Exploring strategic positioning in the UK charitable sector: Emerging evidence from charitable organizations that provide public services.British Journal of Management,20(1), pp.90-105. Davies, T.R., 2012. The Transformation of International NGOs and Their Impact on Development Aid. InInternational Development Policy: Aid, Emerging Economies and Global Policies(pp. 48-59). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lambell, R., Ramia, G., Nyland, C. and Michelotti, M., 2008. NGOs and international business research: Progress, prospects and problems.International Journal of Management Reviews,10(1), pp.75-92. Lawson, M., Mazengera, S., Nkhoma-Mbawa, F. and Noel, T., 2008.Malawi essential health services campaign. Oxfam International. Lewis, D., 2010. Nongovernmental organizations, definition and history. InInternational Encyclopedia of Civil Society(pp. 1056-1062). Springer US. McLeish, B.J., 2010.Successful marketing strategies for nonprofit organizations: Winning in the age of the elusive donor. John Wiley Sons. Neuman, S., 2014. Oxfam: The Worlds Richest 1 Percent Control Half of the Global Wealth.NPR: The Two Way, January,20. Accessed on: 18th January, 2016. Accessed from: https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/01/20/264241052/oxfam-worlds-richest-1-percent-control-half-of-global-wealth Oxfam International, 2015.Our Commitment to Human Rights. https://www.oxfam.org/en/our-commitment-human-rights OXFAM International, 2016.Our Purpose and Belief. Accessed on: 18th January, 2016. Accessed from: https://www.oxfam.org/en/about/what/purpose-and-beliefs Oxfam Trailwalker, 2016. About Oxfam. Accessed on: 18th January, 2016. Accessed from: https://www.oxfamtrailwalker.org.nz/about/oxfam Pope, J.A., Isely, E.S. and Asamoa?Tutu, F., 2009. Developing a marketing strategy for nonprofit organizations: An exploratory study.Journal of Nonprofit public sector marketing,21(2), pp.184-201. Raworth, K., 2012. A safe and just space for humanity: can we live within the doughnut.Oxfam Policy and Practice: Climate Change and Resilience,8(1), pp.1-26. Winston, W. and Kinzey, R.E., 2013.Using public relations strategies to promote your nonprofit organization. Routledge.

Stonehenge1 Essay Example For Students

Stonehenge1 Essay Behind every great structure in the world, there are the people who made them, and who took the time and effort to design them. Those who made Stonehenge succeeded in creating an incredibly complex and mysterious structure that lived on long after its creators were dead. The many aspects of Stonehenge and the processes by which it was built reveal much about the intelligence and sophistication of the civilizations that designed and built the monument, despite the fact that it is difficult to find out who exactly these people were. They have left very little evidence behind with which we could get a better idea of their everyday lives, their culture, their surroundings, and their affairs with other peoples. The technology and wisdom that are inevitably required in constructing such a monument show that these prehistoric peoples had had more expertise than expected. We will write a custom essay on Stonehenge1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The planning and assembling of Stonehenge took a very long time (about one thousand years, from 2800 BC to 1500 BC*), and not one but many different groups of people were involved in the process. How they came about plays an important role in understanding them. Some of the first men to come to England that are connected to the Stonehenge builders came when the ice blocking Britain and France melted around 10,000 BC (Souden, 104). After them, many more groups of people came from the mainland, and had great influence on those already living there. The first group involved in the building of Stonehenge was the Windmill Hill people. These people were semi nomadic farmers, mainly just keeping their flocks of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs, and growing wheat, who had arrived as some of the last Neolithic (or New Stone Age, 4300 2200 BC) newcomers in England. Not only were they farmers they also hunted, mined flint, made and traded axes, and could almost be called industrialists. The Windmill Hill people had a very strong religion with a great respect for their dead and their ancestors. They have exceptional collective graves, in the form of long barrows, or long manmade piles of dirt, sometimes 300 feet long. Many riches such as food, tools, and pottery were buried with the dead (Hawkins, 36). The next group to contribute to Stonehenge was the Beaker people, known for the beaker-like pottery they would frequently bury with their dead. These people did not practice the ritual of collective burials, rather single or double burials, and the dead were accompanied by more weapons such as daggers and axes. These single burials were in the form of round barrows. The Beaker people were well organized, active, and powerful, and also probably more territorial (Hawkins, 36). They practiced commerce with other cultures, and their graves give an impression of there being an aristocracy in the society (Niel, 84). The last major group to put time into the construction of Stonehenge was the Wessex culture group. They arrived on Salisbury plain around 1400 BC, and were involved in building the most prominent part of Stonehenge- the great stone circles (Niel, 86). These people were well organized, and probably less aggressive than their predecessors, while more industrious. The people of Wessex were less concerned with war than they were with art, peace, and trade. In the graves of their chieftains (the only members of society who were preserved for afterlife), were goods such as daggers, bows, and various other ornaments. Their access to such treasures can perhaps be attributed to their great international traders who probably traded with people from the Mediterranean Sea area (Hawkins, 37). They built the final phase of Stonehenge, and perhaps brought about many cultural changes to the monument such as giving the monument visual magnificence and more astronomical precision (Service + Bradbery, 255). It is necessary, in order to understand the complexity involved in the assembling of Stonehenge, to know the process by which and the environment in which the monument was built. By the time Stonehenge was built, the landscape around the area on Salisbury Plain was rather open with more farmland and grazing land, and less forest. Underneath the first few feet of soil on Salisbury Plain there was a substantial layer of hard chalk, which made building rudimentary structures somewhat easier for the people of the era. The first phase in building Stonehenge was that of the earth monument, which consisted of a circular bank of dirt (originally about 6 feet tall, now barely 2 feet tall) with a ditch running along the outside of the bank. There are two breaks in the ditch and bank, forming two entrances, and in addition there are 56 Aubrey Holes, named for John Aubrey, their discoverer, in a circle just inside the earth bank (Souden, 30). This first phase, Stonehenge I, built by the Windmill Hill people, took from about 2950 to 2900 BC to construct. Slightly more detailed than the first, the second phase of building Stonehenge involved the creation of a wooden monument. The postholes scattered about the floor of the monument are evidence for this stage. There seem to have been a roughly corridor shaped structure at the southern entrance of the earth monument, and a more detailed setting around the northeastern entrance (Souden, 32). The Avenue, made up of a pair of long, straight, and parallel ditches , was also said to have been part of this second phase of Stonehenge. Stonehenge II could be credited to the Beaker people, approximately betweens the years 2800 and 2300 BC. .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .postImageUrl , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:visited , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:active { border:0!important; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:active , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multicultural Education EssayThe third and most impressive stage of the monument is that of the stone monument. Since the building of this phase extended from about 2500 to 1600 BC, it was the longest and most complex of the three, and was so divided up into six sub phases. First in the sequence was the arrival of the bluestones (the first, and smaller, type of stone involved in Stonehenge III), and then the arrival of the sarsen stones (the larger, bulkier stones in Stonehenge III), followed by a possible bluestone arrangement, then the stones were erected to their final settings (after a little rearranging), and finally small holes called the X and Y holes were dug aroun d the outside of the stone circles (Souden, 35). The builders of Stonehenge III were the people of the Wessex Culture, most likely in alliance with other peoples. It is understandable, through all of the complexity shown in the monument, that it many long hours to build and much patience and persistence to complete the construction. The bluestones had to be carried 200 to 250 miles from their source in the Prescelly Mountains back to the Stonehenge site. They were probably carried by waterways for most of the route because waterways are safer, quicker, and less difficult. One probably route was that the stones would be dragged to the coast nearest the Prescelly Mountains, then along the coast of the Bristol Channel, and then into the river systems of England, to the Stonehenge Avenue, and then the stones may have been carried up the Avenue toward the monument. (Hawkins, 65). The most simple was to transport the stones over land is by having a crew of men to haul the stones on rollers. Similar transport methods were used for the sarsen stones, however their location was much more close as the source of the sarsen stone was in the Marlborough Do wns, only about 20 miles north of Stonehenge. There was somewhat of a clear land path for these stones to be carried on, so water transport was minimum. But these stones weighed about 30 tons each, and hauling these stones over 20 miles of hills could have easily used a total of 1,000 men and 7 years to be completed (Hawkins, 66). The sarsen stones were put into large holes in the ground, and joined to their lintels by a mortise-and-tenon joint, and the lintels joined to each other (in the outer circle) with a tongue-and-groove joint (Souden, 88). Much organization skills are needed to coordinate such a large number of men to perform the physical labor of constructing such a monument. The effort put into fabricating this monument is incomparable to anything that would be done today. When all of the constructing, refining, and arranging was finished, the resulting structure was extraordinary.There is an outermost circle (still considerably inside the ditch and bank) of 30 of the sarsen stones, each averaging 13 feet 6 inches tall (Niel, 28), and each connected by a lintel stone to each stone on either side. Just inside that circle of sarsens is a circle of bluestones, smaller stones which are usually not too much more than 6 feet tall. Inside of the bluestone circle is the trilithon horseshoe, or a horseshoe-shaped setting of sarsens in trilithons, or two sarsens standing next to each other with one lintel across the top. The open end of the horseshoe faces the northeast. Inside the trilithon horseshoe is a bluestone horseshoe. Inside the bluestone horseshoe, somewhat towards the center, is the altar stone, which might not have been used for that purpose. At the entrance to the monument, the heel stone stands just south of the line that runs down the center of th e avenue, and not far off lies the slaughter stone, laying on the ground in the break of the circular bank. There are four station stones just inside the earth bank- one that points north, one that points to the south, and two that together make a line perpendicular to the axis of the avenue. The faces of all of the sarsen stones were dressed and shaped, and they were mostly given a convex shape to exaggerate the impression of grandeur one gets when looking up at the monuments. Being that there is little evidence for what Stonehenge could have been created, other than the people buried in and what we directly observe about the monument, there have been many hypotheses about its purpose, and many of these hypotheses seem to be appropriate. Among the most accepted of these conjectures is that the stone monument was meant to be a temple, a burial ground, and, seemingly the most apparent of these, a solar/lunar observatory. The main entrance of Stonehenge that has the Avenues opening, towards which the entire stone monument is situated, points directly at the sunrise on the summer solstice. When standing in the center of the monument, on the longest day of the year, one can see the sun rise directly over the heel stone. This seems to force a viewer to notice the sunrise on the longest day of the year. The original four station stones placed around the circle make many alignments to point to rise and set points of the sun and moon on winter and summer solstices. Noteworthy is that the combination of sun and moon solstice rise and set points could only be collectively arranged in a perfect rectangle at the latitude at which Stonehenge is situated. A few miles north or south and the combination would have to be a parallelogram. (Cohen, 8). In addition to the station stone alignments, each trilithon in the center horseshoe corresponds to certain alignments, as there are two sunset trilithons, a sunrise trilithon, and two for lunar alignments. (Hawkins, 109). Not only does this show that the builders and planners of Stonehenge had a great regard for the heavens, but also that they had great knowledge of geometry and science to be able to find exact angle measurements and proportions. .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .postImageUrl , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:visited , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:active { border:0!important; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:active , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay about The Success Of President Obama EssayIt can also be seen that the Aubrey Holes could be used as a system of predicting eclipses. The 56 Aubrey Holes correspond to 3 cycles of the moons orbital wobble (The moons orbit wobbles in cycles of 18.66 years) and these could be used to line up with various solar alignments in Stonehenge to predict when the sun and moon would be at the same point in the sky. (White, 194). By a system of moving three markers around the 56 positions of the Aubrey holes, when all three were in the same spot, an eclipse was to occur. (Dimitrikopoulos, file: enigma.cfm). Within places in Stonehenge, such as the Aubrey Holes and the outer ditch , cremation remains of almost hundreds of people were found. This infers that Stonehenge was used as a primary burial site in the Stone and Bronze Ages*. Remarkable is that a great amount of cremations were found on the southeast side of the circle, which is where the moon rises at its most southerly point (Bragard, Ancient Voices). The many cultures of the Neolithic and Bronze ages seemed to have a preoccupation with death and the afterlife, and consequently took great regard to having the dead buried properly. In addition, since it is not possible to give each member of a society a proper burial in such a small area, the people must have had a hierarchical society in which some individuals had precedence over others for a glorious afterlife. As a place of worship, Stonehenge shows much detail and substance. Many of the celestial alignments put focus on things that are greater and more eternal than human beings, and these things could very well be the basis of the religion of the prehistoric cultures in the area. When seen from above, the lintels on the outer sarsen circle form a perfect circle that is impeccably level with the ground. Since this cannot be appreciated by people standing on the ground, it seems as if it is meant to be seen by someone above. (Niel, 33). The fixation with death and the afterlife among the peoples of Salisbury Plain seems to be a religion in itself. Perhaps the sun and moon gods, in being born and dying within their own cycles of rising and setting (and especially the moons cycle of growing dark and then bright again), could aid the soul of the human in being reborn in the afterlife. (Bragard, Ancient Voices). The strategy for showing their gods of their worth was clearly well thought-out and well planned by the builders and peoples of the Stone Age. The complexity and intelligence of the peoples of Stonehenge can also be seen in surrounding monuments created by them and their neighbors. Most of the enclosures and round barrows in the vicinity of Stonehenge were created for burial purposes, with one or two people buried within them, usually accompanied by valuables such as daggers, pottery, and in some cases, gold ornaments (Souden, 44). These treasures often represent high status or high political position, indicating a structured government and system of beliefs that the cultures of Salisbury Plain possessed. Stonehenge represents the evolving and changing society of prehistoric times that gradually changed into a well-developed society with rulers, priests, and a working and farming class, as well as relations with other cultures from far away with which to engage in trade and associate. The idea that men from the Stone Age were unintelligent, ill-mannered barbarians is far from the truth in the case of Stonehenge. The cultures of Windmill Hill, the Beaker people, and Wessex all thoroughly demonstrate organized systems and communities of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Ancient Voices: The Secret of Stonehenge. Dir. Jean-Claude Bragard. Narrator Mark Hammil. Videocassette. BBC/Time Life, 1998. Cohen, I.L. The Secret of Stonehenge. Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications, Inc., 1977. Dimitrakopoulos, Sandra. (2000). Mystic Places: Stonehenge, Online}. Available HTTP: http://exn.ca/mysticplaces/stonehenge.cfm. Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Mackie, Euan. The Megalith Builders. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1977. Niel, Fernand. The Mysteries of Stonehenge. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Service, Alastair, and Jean Bradbery. Megaliths and Their Mysteries. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997. White, John B. Afterword. Stonehenge Decoded. By Gerald S. Hawkins. New York: Doubleday, 1965. 191-197. Bibliography:BIBLIOGRAPHYAncient Voices: The Secret of Stonehenge. Dir. Jean-Claude Bragard. Narrator Mark Hammil. Videocassette. BBC/Time Life, 1998. Cohen, I.L. The Secret of Stonehenge. Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications, Inc., 1977. Dimitrakopoulos, Sandra. (2000). Mystic Places: Stonehenge, Online}. Available HTTP: http://exn.ca/mysticplaces/stonehenge.cfm. Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Mackie, Euan. The Megalith Builders. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1977. Niel, Fernand. The Mysteries of Stonehenge. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Service, Alastair, and Jean Bradbery. Megaliths and Their Mysteries. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997. White, John B. Afterword. Stonehenge Decoded. By Gerald S. Hawkins. New York: Doubleday, 1965. 191-197.